When Cnut the Great launched his invasion of England in 1015, the warriors aboard his fleet represented only the visible tip of a much larger enterprise. Behind them stood thousands of people who had spent years building ships, weaving sails and producing clothing. Altogether, more than ten per cent of Denmark’s population may have been involved. Today, archaeologists are excavating what may have been one of the textile-production centres near Århus.

Textile tools from Søften. © Moesgaard

Weaving Sails for Viking Ships?

24/06/2026

A new excavation at Søften, near Lisbjerg, has revealed an extensive production environment that may have supplied Viking Age Aarhus with textiles and other craft products. Read more

The Sea Stallion at High Water © Isarap

Viking Age Textile Production

06/05/2022

The story goes that a Viking learned to keep a stoic face if their ship was lost. However, if the ship sank together with the sails, he cried. New book tells the story of the production system and the economy of the textiles in Viking Age Society Read more

sea stallion ccbysa Emma Groeneveld

Viking Sails and How to Make Them

12/03/2014

Roskilde 6 is the pitiful wreck, which clothed in stainless steel still amazes. The question is what effort it took to set sail… Read more

Old Norse Sheep . Source Wikipedia

The Introduction of Sails to Viking Scandinavia

12/03/2014

The textiles necessary to outfit a Viking boat carrying a 100 man required nearly 30 times more “girl-power” than “man-power”. Further it created a whole new Scandinavian landscape characterized by heath grazed by sheep. Read more

Lisbjerg Church.Source: Wikipedia

Lisbjerg Church and Manor ca. 950 – 1200

13/04/2019

The medieval church in Lisbjerg dates to c. AD 1100 – 1150. However, a predecessor in the form of a wooden stave church was built as part of a fenced manor c. 1000 – 1100. Read more

Lisbjerg Altar. Detail of central panel. © National Museum of Copenhagen/Lennart Larsen CC-BY-SA

The Golden Altar from Lisbjerg

13/04/2019

The Lisbjerg Altar belongs to a group of eleven golden altars from c. 1100 – 1200 Scandinavia. Two remain in their original surroundings, while five are kept in the National Museum in Copenhagen, and four more abroad. Read more

Royal Hall at Lejre © Sagnlandet/Ole Malling

Viking and Medieval Halls

02/04/2019

From Late Antiquity to the High Middle Ages, halls were the central focus of elite residences in Northern Europe Read more

Winiþharjaz was an warlord from the Migration period who lived in Vindelev in Denmark in the 5th century. Read about the man and his world in the essay below. And don’t miss the opportunity to see the exhibition this summer in Jelling in Jutland. 

Detail. C-Bracteate IK 738 with Odin-inscription hovering over a horse. National Museum of Copenhagen CCBYSA

Winiþharjaz of Vindelev – A Military Leader in Fifth-Century Denmark

18/02/2026

The village of Vindelev in Eastern Jutland was presumably a gift to a Vendish military commander, who operated east of Vejle in the middle of the 400s. An impressive gold hoard opens up the world, in which he lived. Read more

Exhibition Vindelv at jelling © Press Photo.

The Golden Treasure from Vindelev

17/02/2026

Travelling to Denmark in 2026? Don’t miss the opportunity to see the magnificent golden treasure from Vindelev, dated to around AD 450–49 Read more

Five golden Bracteates from the Migration Period found at Råde in Østfold. Østfold Fylkesmuseum/Marte Bek

Bracteates as Part of Rituals

14/03/2023

Bracteates were thin golden sheets stamped with North West Germanic motifs. A recent overview shows how they were included in various rituals in Northwestern Europe ca. 400-600. Read more

Bracteate from Vindelev with Odin Inscription c. Ad 450-490 © Vejlemuseerne

The Oldest Odin Inscription in the World Discovered among the Vindelev Gold

13/03/2023

In December 2020, an impressive hoard of gold bracteates, pendants and a scabbard mount was discovered. Dated to c. AD 335-540, the hoard is unique. Recently, the Runic inscription on one of the bracteates was deciphered, presenting us with the earliest Odin inscription. Read more

Exhibition in Madrid in May…

The Last Meal. detail from the retablo of the Holy Virgin by Jaume Serra 1367-81. © Barcelona Art Museum Source: Google Art

Italian Gothic in Catalonia: Jaume and Pere Serra

29/01/2026

Fourteenth-century Barcelona was home to a number of flamboyant artistic workshops producing cartoon-like altarpieces for a wider market. Read more

The Virgin of Tobed with the donors Henry II of Castile, his wife Giovanna Manuele and his children Giovanni and Giovanna. Jaume Serra 1359-1362. Tempera on the table. © Prado Muso Nacional

In the Italian Manner: Spain and Mediterranean Gothic 1320–1420

29/01/2026

In spring 2026, the Prado in Madrid will offer a spectacular exhibition inviting us into the artistic world of Mediterranean Gothic, 1320–1420. Read more

When Medieval History Matters…

Mortuary caskets at Winchester being restored © Winchester Cathedral

The Remains of Kings and Queens in Winchester

12/01/2026

Since 2012, archaeologists and scientists have been poking through 1300 bones, the remains of kings, queens and bishops laid to rest in the mortuary chests in Winchester Cathedral.  Read more

Medieval work during the summer months © Raum Salzburg, 818. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 210, fol. 91v.. Source Wikipedia

Biodiversity near Lake Constance in the Middle Ages

08/01/2026

Pollen studies from the area around Lake Constance in southern Germany show that biodiversity increased dramatically after around AD 500, before reaching a maximum around the year 1000. The question is why. Read more

Narsaq with the Kvanefjeld in the backgorund. DreamstineFaure 41090046

Greenland Was Part of Scandinavia – and Denmark – for a 1000 years

06/01/2026

When Greenland was settled by Norse immigrants in AD 997, it was uninhabited. From the outset it became part of the Danish–Scandinavian world Read more

Putin as Ivan the Terrible

Putin’s Medieval Dream of Ruling an Empire

19/08/2025

At his Alaska meeting with Trump, Putin made a curious demand that cut to the heart of the war: he wants to rule as Czar of a medieval-style empire “Mr. Putin also demanded guarantees that Russian should be an official language in Ukraine, and that security should be established to… Read more

News from The Städel Museum in Frankfurt

WEB detail altenberg Madonna Norbert Miguletz Staedel Museum 1

The Altenberg Madonna

28/01/2026

Altenberg Madonna Enters the Städel Museum: A Landmark Acquisition This morning, the Städel Museum announced what can rightly be described as a watershed moment for the study and appreciation of medieval art in Germany: the acquisition of the Madonna and Child Enthroned, known as the Altenberg Madonna. Dating from around… Read more

Altar cloth from Altenberg in the Met - the Cloister detail adoration of the Magi

Medieval Embroidered Textiles in Whitework

26/07/2016

While England is renowned for its Opus Angelicum embroideries, Germany is known for its tradition of Opus Teutonicum, worked with white or coloured linen or silk on bleached linen and used for altar cloths. New book tells the story of the textiles from Altenberg. Read more

Altenberg Kirche with view towards the Organ - Altenberg Klosterkirche

The Convent at Altenberg near Lahn

26/07/2016

The Convent in Altenberg may not in itself possess the treasures, which were amassed by the nuns in the High Middle Ages. But it is still worth a visit Read more

Retable from Altenberg near Lahn © Städel Museum/Norbert Miguelitz

Heaven is on Display in Altenberg

25/07/2016

This summer head for Franfurt and the Städel Museum, which shows a unique reunion of the Altenberg Altar and its liturgical treasures from c. 1300 Read more

775 Westphalia. Poster exhibition 2025

1250 Years in Westphalia – an Exhibition

25/05/2025

Westphalia celebrates 1250 years of its history and remembers the Saxon Wars and its Carolingian heritage Read more

Charlemagne enjoying VR at Höxter 2025 © Huxarium

Battle at Braunsberg AD 775 and new Exhibition at Höxter

25/05/2025

In 775, Charlemagne dispatched an army into Saxony, part of which ended in the battle at Braunsberg on the brinks of Weser in 775. Exhibition tells the story of the Saxon Wars from a local perspective Read more

The Golden Psalter. From St Gallen No 22. Late 9th century. Source: Wikipedia

Carolingian Wars in Saxony 772-804

23/05/2025

The conflict between the Saxons and the Franks during the late 700s and early 800s wasn’t just a random clash. Inflamed by a missionary zeal, it resonates in the 21st century Read more

Exhibition from Landesmuseum Westfalen the man from Beckum © Landesmuseum Westfalen in Herne

The Prince from Beckum AD 600

23/07/2016

The Prince from Beckum in North Rhein-Westphalia from the beginning of the 7th century tells a story of a man who lived in a mixed cultural setting Read more

Medieval Exhibitions

Exhibition Vindelv at jelling © Press Photo.

The Golden Treasure from Vindelev

17/02/2026

Travelling to Denmark in 2026? Don’t miss the opportunity to see the magnificent golden treasure from Vindelev, dated to around AD 450–49 Read more

The Virgin of Tobed with the donors Henry II of Castile, his wife Giovanna Manuele and his children Giovanni and Giovanna. Jaume Serra 1359-1362. Tempera on the table. © Prado Muso Nacional

In the Italian Manner: Spain and Mediterranean Gothic 1320–1420

29/01/2026

In spring 2026, the Prado in Madrid will offer a spectacular exhibition inviting us into the artistic world of Mediterranean Gothic, 1320–1420. Read more

Kogge from Kempen

Medieval trading vessel from 1410 discovered in the off Copenhagen

01/01/2026

A 28-metre-long medieval trading ship has been discovered in the Sound off Copenhagen, making it the largest cog ever found in Northern Europe. Read more

Wolin Open Air Museum. Source: Wikipedia

Archaeologists Uncover Unusual Early Medieval Huts in Northwestern Poland

28/12/2025

Wolin on the southern Baltic remains a Viking-Age enigma. Chronicles describe warriors and violent conflict between Danes and Slavs, yet archaeological discoveries reveal a thriving trading hub. Read more

Fresco from the Campo Santo in Pisa. Above the tomb of Giovanni Cini. Source: Wikipedia

Volcanic Climate Forcing and the Emergence of the Black Death (c. 1345–1348)

28/12/2025

Around 1345, volcanic eruptions led to famine. Following this, the import of grain increased, ultimately leading to the Black Death in Europe. Read more

Map of venice

Early Medieval Glass from Venice

28/12/2025

From Shards to Sea Routes: Glass Evidence for Venice’s Mediterranean Networks in the 7th and 8th Centuries Read more

New Research

Vikings in an illustration of the Vie de Saint Aubin d’Angers c.1100. BNF ms. NAL 1390. restored by AI

Viking Ships and Fleets – How Large Were They?

25/06/2026

Impressive new research sheds light on the size of the Viking fleets operating in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean between c. 750 and 1100. Read more

Greer Jarrett tracking Viking Age voyages through traditional seafaring © Jarrett

Norðvegr – Sailing the Coast of Norway Year 1000

12/02/2026

For three years, the archaeologist Greer Jarrett and his crew sailed up and down the coast of Norway in an old clinker-built Viking boat mapping the maritime mindscape of the Northmen The Norwegian state, Norway, derives from the sailing route along the coast known as the Norðvegr. A recent paper… Read more

A red kite depicted in the Aberdeen Bestiary, written and illuminated in England around 1200. © University of Aberdeen Special Collections

Medieval Birds of Prey Thrived on Human Waste

17/01/2025

Birds of prey in medieval Britain relied far more heavily on scavenging human waste than previously thought, according to research that analyzed more than 30 ancient bird skeletons. Read more

Virgin from Breedon-on-the-hill. Source: Wikipedia

Advent and Marian Devotion

03/12/2024

Advent is a time for reflecting upon Mary, the Mother of God. One avenue is to contemplate the beauty of the Old English Advent Lyrics Read more

Holy Roman Emperor Henry II and Cunigunde

Thietmar's name. From the Merseburger Sakramentar. © Merseburg Donmstiftsbibliotehek, Cod 1, 129, fol 38 r.

Thietmar of Merseburg 975-1018

01/01/2025

Thietmar of Merseburg was bishop of the diocese of Merseburg from 1009 to 1018. Famous for his Chronicle, he was one of the most important historians of the Ottonian period Read more

Crowning of Heinrich and Kunegunde From the Evangelistar. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 4452 fol-7 CCBYSA

Heinrich II, German King and Holy Roman Emperor 1002 – 1024

02/12/2024

Heinrich II (973 (978)-1024) – famous for his foundation of Bamberg – was the last Ottonian to rule Germany and the Holy Roman Empire. Read more

Kunigunde. Detail from: The Baseler Antepedium. Photo: www.muensterschatz.ch

Kunigunde – Ottonian Queen 1002-1024

02/12/2024

The 10th-century German queens set their mark on politics in different ways. The last queen, Kunigunde, primarily played the role of dynastic bridgebuilder. Read more

Reconstruction of Heinrich II. © Bamberg 2024

A Glimpse into the Daily Life at the Court of Kunigunde and Heinrich II in Bamberg

01/12/2024

Bamberg will host an important exhibition in the autumn 2024 focusing on the daily life at the imperial court of Henry II and Cunigunde Read more

Medieval Landscapes

WEB Wild Rabbit from arter.dk CC BY Jesper Michael Møller

The Wild Rabbits with the Long, Long Ears…

01/03/2025

Rabbits share their history as on and off domesticated animals with the feral horses. Although living in the wilderness, they were very early on considered a nice supplement and hence “farmed” and domesticated for different purposes Read more

Grote Beek. © Henkbiouwers/ Dreamstime 2257460882

The Dark Ages: Nature’s Comeback in the Netherlands

09/10/2024

In the period known as the Dark Ages (c. 300 – 700 AD), woodlands staged a remarkable comeback across Europe, including the Netherlands. Read more

White tailed eagle in The Oder Delta © Agdbeukhof/Dreamstime 167383594

Overwhelming Support for Rewilding and Release of Large Animals in the Oder Delta

03/02/2024

Germans and Poles living in the Oder Delta strongly support rewilding and the introduction of large animals – including wolves and lynx, returning its landscape to its former medieval glory.  Read more

WEB Mystical forest in the Vosges ID 135207030 _ Alsace c Tanja Voigt _ Dreamstime

The Vosges in the Early Middle Ages, ca. 400 – 750

31/01/2024

In the Early Middle Ages, the Vosges were regarded as a wilderness – by elites, poets and priests. However, the ideas about how to live in and utilise this wilderness were contested. Read more

New Books about the Middle Ages

Detail. Maen Achwyfan. Source: Wikipedia/Andrew

Viking Connections:

11/05/2026

The Viking Age was a vibrant and complex period of movement and change, not easily grasped inside a set of fixed notions and ideas. A new book presents 32 papers presented at the Nineteenth Viking Congress in 2022 Viking Connections. Proceedings of the Nineteenth Viking Congress By Clare Downham, Fiona… Read more

Preaching scene at Ravy in Maquma. From Maqamat al Harari 1237. Source Wikipedia

Ibn al-Jawzi’s Political Thought in 12th-Century Baghdad

10/03/2026

New book studies the relationship between political thought, preaching and emotions through the writings of Ibn al-Jawzi (d. 1201), a celebrated hortatory preacher in late Abbasid Baghdad. Read more

Pietro Lorenzetti. Detail from the Cathedral in Assisi. 1310-1329

Late Medieval Female Subject Consciousness

04/02/2026

Autobiographical writings was the inroad to identity formation among female mystics and authors. Late Medieval Female Subject Consciousness. Italian and English Mystics, Boccaccio, Chaucer, and Beyond By Stephanie Amsel Palgrave 2026 Late Medieval Female Subject Consciousness: Italian and English Mystics brings together disparate feminist theoretical approaches to explore the formation… Read more

Finlaggan. © Jaime Pharr/Dreamstime 19463497

The Kingdom of the Isles – and the Lords at Finlaggan

23/01/2026

Excavated since 1987, Finlaggan on Islay, demonstrates how the medieval Kingdom of the Isles was on par with the rest of Europe in terms of political and cultural sophistication. Read more

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